Carrefour A French Multinational Retailer Marketing Essay

Carrefour A French Multinational Retailer Marketing Essay Introduction Carrefour, a French multinational retailer, was establised by the Fournier and Defforey families as a supermarket in 1959. In 1963, new concept hypermarket, was discovered and invested. Since then, Carrefour owned up to 5,200 stores worldwide, reaching out to 26 countires and region (refer to appendix A). In particular, for Asia, Carrefour have invested in China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, India as well as Singapore with approximately 361 hypermarkets, 17 supermarkets and 2 other formats of stores (refer to appendix B). Opening its first store in 1997, Carrefour was the first to introduce hypermarket concept in Singapore, where everything can be purchased under one roof (aisaone business 2012; Krishnan 2012). Oxford dictionaries (online) defines hypermarket as a very large self-service store with a wide range of goods and a large carpark typically situated outside a town. Carrefour had two stores in Singapore; Suntec City and Plaza Singapura. Subsequently, in 2000, Giant, a major hypermarket retailer, joined the market, competing with Carrefour. As a result, Carrefour was not progressing well. Reported by numerous news (refer to appendix C), in a press release on 28 August 2011, Carrefour announced the decision to close its two stores in Singapore by the end of 2012. This decision was reached because Carrefour realized that there is no expansion and growth prospect in Singapore that brings them to a leadership position in the long term. Marketing Problem Segmentation/ Customer Research For 15 years, Carrefour has been providing consumers with one-stop service but it did not turn out as expected. Concluded by Krishnan (2012), Carrefour came in with the mind-set that consumers in Singapore would avoid frequent shopping and hence, would buy as much as possible within a trip. Unfortunately, this prediction was not accurate as this behaviour was not seen popular in Singapore. In addition, both Carrefours outlet was located in central hub which in customer perspective brings significant inconvenience such as high travelling cost and traffic congestion. Moreover, Carrefour does not offer unique products that appeal to consumers, enticing them to choose Carrefour over other retailers and local grocery shops (Krishnan 2012). As a result, Carrefour was observed to be targeting at the wrong country and customer segment, facing huge hurdle in attracting consumers with their one-stop shopping proposition, location and products offered. Sales and Distribution Research Being a hypermarket that offers a wide range of food items and non-food items such as appliances and clothing, Carrefour is in a direct competition position with grocery retailer, supermarket such as NTUC FairPrice (Ng 2012) as well as appliances chains such as Best Denki (Krishnan, 2012), which might eventually affect their sales. On top of these competitors, Giant, a hypermarket open by Dairy Farm Group, is their major competitor. Reported by Krishnan (2012), Giant offers consumer lower price, compensating and outweighing travelling cost. Giant is also able to control consumers behaviour as products sold seems to be more appealing to broader segment of market. Hence, with these competitors at hand, Carrefour did not operate as well as expected. Looking at Carrefours 2011 sales report, illustrated in the pie chart below, the highest contributor of 43.2% is France. Aisa, has the lowest contribution of merely 9% which is approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬73 Million (with the closure of Malaysia and Thailand stores). Source: http://www.carrefour.com/cdc/finance/key-figures/our-key-figures-/key-figures-folder/breakdown-sales.html In addition, reported by TODAY news (2012), in 2009, Aisa has accounted for 7.9% of Carrefours total sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬85.9 billion, with Singapore contributing only à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬85 Million (TODAY/CNA 2012). Comparing it with 2011 annual report, sales revenue in Singapore have decreased. Therefore, the failed in Carrefour may be due to its strong competition in Singapore with its direct and indirect competititors. Objectives The main purpose of this research proposal is to investigate the perception of consuerms towards Carrefour against their competitors in Singapore. The objectives of the research proposal are as follows: To evaluate Carrefours performance in comparision to its competitors To examine factors influencing consumers behaviour in patronizing its preferred hypermarket/supermarket retailer To ascertain what kind (demographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioural) of consumer frequent Carrefour To investigate the degree of brand loyalty consumer have towards Carrefour Research Design Research Question With the aim of achieving the objectives set, research questions have to be formulated. The following are some example pertaining to the research proposal. Which of the supermarket respondent most frequent? In selecting a supermarket, what are the factors that respondent consider most? Rate the level of awareness respondent have towards Carrefour (1 being the most and 7 being the least) How frequent do respondent shop at any of Carrefours outlet? What are the prominent difference between Carrefour and other supermarket? Research Method Aliaga and Gunderson (2000) quoted from Muijs (2011, p.1) defines quantitative research as a method that explains the phenomena of collecting numerical data that are analysed using some mathematically based methods, in particular statistics. The researcher will thus be adopting a quantitative approach, employing primary research personal survey method, focusing on the phenomenon of consumers decision for patronizing a supermarket; their intentions, behaviour and attitude (A study on factors considered by consumers for patronizing a retail outlet 2010) and gather information on consumer awareness towards Carrefour compared to its competitiors. Personal Survey Malhotra and Birks (2007, p.265) and Malhotra (2010, p.211) defines survey as a method that gathers information based upon questioning respondents a variety of questions regarding their behaviour, intentions, attitudes, awareness, motivations and demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Most researcher noticed that survey is simple to administer and hence is a popular quantitative measure amongst all. Although it is argued that survey can be uncontrollable as respondents may be unable or unwilling to provide accurate responds (especially to motives or sensitive questions), it is recognised that due to the limited alternatives available, data collected will be consistent across and variability of results will be reduced (Malhotra 2010; Malhotra and Birks 2007; insights from decision point 2012). Rea and Parker (2012) further argues that commercial enterprises often use surveys to formulate market strategies for the potential widespread use, performance of new and existing products as well as finding out their market value. These aligns to the researchers aim and objective, to gather information on factors that affects consumer patronage behaviour as well as perception of consumer towards Carrefour. Furthermore, due to the surveys fixed-response alternative questions nature and consistent data gathered, coding, analysing and interpreting of survey results are relatively simplier for researchers compared to observation or experiment method. Appendix D shows a diverse survey techniques, and compares them against numerous factors, shown on appendix E. Personal interviwing street survey, occurs when respondents are intercepted while shopping or walking on the street (Malhotra and Birks 2007). Personal survey technique is a method to collect relevant data from target group and evaluation becomes easier (A study on factors considered by consumers for patronizing a retail outlet 2010), generalising the entire target population from a small amount of data gathered (Rea Parker 2012). Additionally, personal survey allows the researcher control the environment, to source for potential surveyee personally, collecting data from the right target segment (Gibran 2010; Rea Parker 2012). Moreover, response rate in persoanl survey can be significantly high as compared to other methods such as mail survey and speed of collecting data is also moderately high. Due to the characteristics of personal survey in appendix E, personal survey will be conducted by the researcher on consumers who patronize any supermarket or hypermarket in Singpaore to collect valuable data on their patronizing behaviour and their level of awareness towards Carrefour against their competitors. Formulate a plan Gibran (2010) suggested that, survey techniques includes selecting respondents randomly from the studied population in an unbiased mannar and having a standardized questionnaire for all respondents. However, Rea and Parker (2012) claims that physical characteristics of surveyee such as attire, cleanliness, manners etcetera is important when selecting respondent. On top of that, sample survey, where data will only be collected from a fraction of the studied population (Statistics Canada 2003, p.2; Rea Parker 2012), will be exploited by the researcher. It is noted that sample survey provides a economical and quicker way of obtaining sufficient information in the field. Hence, in this research, studied population refers to a representative number of consumers, particularly middle-aged women, who patronize any supermarket in any given time. As mentioned, there are two different issues. To attain the objectives, the questionnaire will be targetting at these two issues seperately where specific questions will be asked sequentially. First part of the questionnaire will focus on the factors affecting consumer partonage behaviour while the second part on consumers awareness towards Carrefour. Structured questionnaire, the degree of having a standardisation on data collection (Malhotra and Birks 2007), will be executed by the researcher in a formal and prearranged order,thus having a direct collection process. Although unstructured questions allows respondent to best express their attitudes and opinions towards the topic discussed (Malhotra 2010, p. 343), it will not be address as this is a quantitative research. Hence, the questionnaire will only contain structured questions. Most questions in the questionnaire will be in a likert scale (nominal scale) and respondents will be required to rate them accordingly base on their attitudes and behaviour. Rea and Parker (2012) recommends that sample size must be selected in an appropriate microcosm of the working population. They further concludes that larger samples yield higher degree of accurancy than smaller samples and hence researcher have to weigh the degree of accurancy with time and cost available. Analyze Data Before collating the results through computer-assisted programme, coding will be employed to facilitate capturing of data. This means that researcher will be allocating numerical values to every possible result of each question, giving it meaning (Malhotra 2010; Malhotra Birks 2007). Structured questions will be coded before the fieldwork is performed, while for unstructured questions, responses will be coded after the fieldwork (Statistics Canada 2003; Malhotra 2010, p.455). After which, coded values will be stored into the computer to analyse the questionnaires. As explained by Statistics Canada (2003, p.3), computer-assisted programme enables researcher to directly enter questionnaires into the computer and data will be captured and transform into readable format. Another benefit to computer-assisted programme is that inconsistent and invalid data will be identified instantly for researcher, providing a user-friendly and convenient form of identifying invalid data. The computer-assisted programme used will be SPSS, where data will be analysed into tabular or graphical form (Rea Parker 2012), making comparisons and interpret results for statistical analysis that will be reflected in the research proposal. As this research is about consumers behaviour towards patronizing, the research requires multivariate statistical technique where there are two or more measurements of each element and the variables are analysed simultaneously (Malhotra 2010, p.466). As mentioned, this research involves understanding the patronage behaviour. Hence, responses of the factors that affect respondents behaviour are dependent on each other. For example, respondent patronage behaviour will depend on the location, price, products offered etc. As such, referring to appendix F, a classification of multivariate techniques, the researcher is able to evaluate results with several methods such as cross-tabulation. Conclusion In summary, with the intention of discover the factors to consumer behaviour as well as establishing Carrefours market position in Singapore, the researcher have decided to employ personal survey method. Survey results will be analysed through coding followed by SPSS thereafter by the researcher to interpret these surveys into readable tables and graphs. Limitation Survey may seem to be the best suitable method for this research but it is time-consuming. As mentioned, this research is base on sample survey, which implies that it will not be 100% accurate as not everyone in the studied population is surveyed. Expected contribution With the mentioned objectives, and the methods used to meet these objectives, the researcher believes that this research will be able to contribute to Carrefour in analysing the reasons to their failure in Singapore, thus making improvements in other countries. This research can also set Carrefours management to react fast to changes in other international market, expending their market and prospects.

Amputation Of Arms And Legs Health And Social Care Essay

Amputation Of Arms And Legs Health And Social Care Essay Multiple health need is a theoretical account to have an comprehensive view on multiple interwebbing needs of a client which pairs health and social issues. There cannot be a common frame work for the complex needs for all, but it is individual specific and need separate response from care givers. (Rankin Regan) Client Discussion A 37 year old client named Mr Shaiju came to the emergency department with alleged history of road traffic accident (RTA) in which a lorry ran over the tibia of the left leg. On admission Mr Shaiju had immense pain over the left leg and was having tachycardia and hypotension. The skin over the left tibia was degloved and the client looked apprehensive .On radiological examination Mr Shaiju was diagnosed with a compound fracture of tibia and fibula. The orthopedician advice for a Below knee Amputation since there was popliteal artery injury along with nerve injury and bone fracture, which when associated together in patient is a higher risk to end up into amputation (K. Rerkasem 2006), even though the patient had history of Type II diabetes Mellitus by considering the finding of Guo Jiong Jiong et al (2009) that immediate operation is possible in a patient with fracture. The client was moved with traction splints to Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) after taking routine investigatio ns like blood routines (HIV , HbSAg screening, Liver Function Test, CBC ESR and Urine Routine, Random Blood test, Urea , Creatinine) and ECG . In SICU Mr Shaiju was prepared for surgery. Amputation is the method of surgical removal of a limb or a portion of limb which no longer be beneficial for the person, instead it produce immense pain and cause threats to the life of individual because of injury or infection. Below Knee Amputation is the process of surgical removal of lower portion of leg beneath from knee joint (Riley Lee Richard 2005).This can arise to many interlinking needs for the patient like economical social, psychological demands which are not directly linked with condition but play a crucial role in the recovery of the patient Relevance In order to mention the multiple health needs of the patient with below knee amputation, practitioner use the above mentioned case of Mr. Shaiju who was a victim of RTA because he was drunken and driven cycle into a lorry and broken the tibia and fibula of right leg along with injury to both nerve and artery resulted in below knee amputation. This client is a perfect example of a case of multiple health need of patient undergone amputation since he is having all needs To protect confidentiality all the persons are mentioned with pseudo names in accordance with Nursing Midwifery Guideline in 2008 The subject of this case study Mr Shaiju is a 37 year old who has been admitted in authors unit with severe injury to right lower limb because of RTA.On physical examination his height was 168 cm weight was 68kg and Body Mass Index (BMI) was .He was hypotensive with Blood Pressure and Tachycardic .On auscultation he was having crackles and he was having an episode of cough since one week. He was having a surgical mark on the left iliac region of abdomen. He was having a muscular build and the rest of all system was functioning normally. He was assessed for fracture, abdominal or head injury by observation, neurological examination and also an abdominal ultra sonography and results of all those were negative. System wise Examination 1. General Appearance: Muscular body built. He was apprehensive and cooperative to author despite of severe pain he was having. 2. Skin: Good skin turgor,but skin is dry and pale over palm and lower extremity 3. Head a) Skull is normal, round appearance with no sign of injury or bruise mark. b) Hair is thick and some are white in colour c) No visible facial abnormalities 4. Eyes a) Pupils are equally round and reactive to light and accommodation b) Eyebrows are equal c) No evidence of periorbital oedema d) Cornea is smooth e) White sclera 5. Ears a) No foul smelling discharge present b) Normal position of pinna c) Recoil of pinna is present when it is folded 6. Nose: No abnormal discharge present 7. Throat Mouth: No obvious swelling and sore present, Normal Deglutition and gagging reflex present. 8. Neck a) No visible enlargement of thyroid gland and jugular vein distension 9. Chest: Normal appearance, no gynecomastia present 10. Cardiovascular: No cardiac murmurs, normal rhythm of pulse 11. Respiratory: Crackles on the both lungs with frequent coughing 12. Gastrointestinal: No organomegaly present and normal bowel sounds present. 13. Extremities: No abnormality found other than crush injury over right lower limb 14) Urogenital System: Normal urine output present, no haematuria or pyuria present 15) Neurological System: Normal reflexes present Past Medical History The past medical history was not good when the operation while considering the possible complication associated with it. Shaiju had severe medical histories like Type II Diabetic Mellitus (DM), hypertension and also chronic alcoholism He was diagnosed of having diabetics in 2006 and was on regular oral hypoglycaemic. In the year 2007 he was diagnosed of a victim of chronic renal failure as hypertension is a main predisposing factor for the disease ( ).He was on regular haemodialysis as this is the best treatment option available for chronic alcoholism ( ) beside with the supportive medication. Past Surgical History He had undergone appendicectomy one year before and the operative and post operative history was uneventful. He had developed a heterogeneous mass in the hilum of liver and on later examination it was found to be a cyst and Endoscopic retrograde collangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed .On ERCP gallstones and stone on hepatic duct was found out and removed and a drain was put to remove pus collection from the cyst. Living Standard Family History He is having a nuclear family with wife and three children and he is the only bread winner of the family. His parents were died because of old age and cause of death according to him was because of Cardiac Arrest. His uncle and mother was having DM and hypertension. He had four siblings in which three of them died because of cancer and another one recently died because of RTA, so he was very stressed since he also encountered with an accident. Financial Status He is a coli worker and belongs to a socially deprived group of society. He did not have support from any other family member since he is the only earning member and his other relatives are belong to low socio economic strata .The subject was living in a rented house. The roof was tiled and having accessibility to safe water. Nutritional Status He was well nourished and is a non vegetarian. He was taking foods four times a day and had at least 8 glass of water per day. MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT Crush Injury of Lower Extremity Physiological Function  ¿Ã‚ ½ To bear the weight of the body.  ¿Ã‚ ½ To enable in locomotion. The main focus of the orthopedician is to manage the condition by below knee amputation, even though that may be considered as the failure of surgeon to perform amputation since due to the advancement of surgery in micro vascular technique, revascularisation and internal fixation of fracture (Ertl Jan 2005). But in this case the bone was fragmented due to crush injury by RTA.A transtibial procedure was used. Informed consent was taken from the patient and the risk for above knee amputation was explained. The patient was given supine position and tourniquet was applied. An anterior-posterior incision was used. The muscle layer was dissected first and followed by the neurovascular structures. After the soft tissues dissected the osseous tissue is approached using chisel. After the dissection is performed anterior flap is attached to posterior flap. Drains are placed to prevent the formation of hematoma and the extremity is wrapped in sterile dressing and plaster cast is applied with le g in extension. The splint was removed on 7th day, as the normal duration will be between 2-7 days (Ertl Jan 2005). The patient was on broad spectrum antibiotics since he was a high risk candidate for infection due to diabetics mellitus ( ) and NSAIDS. ALCOHOLISM ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROMME Alcoholism is a condition arises because of either psychological or physical strive alcohol is consumed which is manifested by behavioural and responses of other kind and is associate with a temptation to consume alcohol to get its physiological effect or to nullify the effects caused if you not taking alcohol. (World Health Organisation 1992). Alcohol Withdrawal syndrome is a group of clinical manifestation which arises due to the reduced concentration of alcohol in the blood , which is essential for the normal functioning of that individual since the body developed dependency to alcohol ( Winnington J et al 1998 ) Pathophysiology The reduced intake of alcohol because of long post operative period caused decrease of alcohol levels in patients ¿Ã‚ ½ blood so that body cannot perform the normal function, since his body developed dependency. The withdrawal symptoms were sweating in night, tremors, increase in heart beat and respiration, reduced amount of sleep, agitation and irritability. He was aggressive and also had auditory hallucination. Treatment. The patient developed alcohol withdrawal syndrome on the 3rd post operative day, the common complication of alcohol abstinence after a long history of drinking. The patient was referred to psychiatrist and was advised to give Polybion an Intravenous drug of multivitamin and Serenenace tablet in order to make the patient calm. Diabetes Mellitus Diabetic Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder in which there may be absolute or relative absence of insulin hormone or resistance of insulin or a combination of both which deter the proper carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. DM is of two types 1. Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM or Type II DM 2. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Anatomy Physiology Pancreas is an endocrine gland situated behind stomach and it is in the left upper quadrant of abdomen .It is an exocrine as well as endocrine gland. . The two important hormones are Glucagon and Insulin. The former convert glycogen stored in body tissues to glucose for meeting energy requirement and the later do vice versa that is glucose to glycogen. Pancreas is having three pats head neck and tail. It is supplied by pancreaticoduodenal and splenic artery and pancreaticoduodenal vein. Pathophysiology The risk factors for DM can be grouped as non modifiable( age, family history , ethnic origin) and modifiable risk factors (Obesity, hypertension, polycystic ovarian disease , viral infection , drugs , stress and gestational diabetics mellitus ) .Mr Shaiju had family history ,and hypertension . These caused hyperglycaemia. The hyperglycaemia cause increased glucose uptake which penultimately leads to cellular starvation and ultimately in polyphagia since satiety centre is stimulated because of the starvation. The hyperglycaemia causes increased glucose elimination from kidney since it exceed renal threshold. This result in polyuria since more water will be gone out since glucose will attract the water. The hyperglycaemia increase blood osmolarity which in turn result in polydypsia since intracellular dehydration occurs as fluid shifts from intracellular to extra cellular space and also it result in reduced blood flow which causes complication of diabetics like dry itchy skin, nephrop athy, neuropathy, retinopathy and confusion. Mr Shaiju was devoid of complications and had polydypsia, polyphagia and polyuria. Treatment Throughout the days the blood sugar level of patient was very much raised due to underlying history of diabetics and stress due to hospitalisation. The patient was advised to start insulin injection subcutaneously from 2nd postoperative day since the oral hypoglycaemic agents was found ineffective, with the advice of doctor specialised in diabetics. Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) Anatomy Physiology Kidney is a retroperitoneal bean shaped organ situated between T12 and L3 vertebrae and is guarded by 11th and 12th ribs. The basic functional unit of kidney is Nephron. The physiological functions are excretion , controlling the fluids in blood , maintain ionic regulation of pH of the body fluids, it share the function of synthesising vitamin D along with skin, and it maintain red blood cell concentration. CRF is a disease condition in which kidney cannot maintain body ¿Ã‚ ½s normal internal environment since there occurs gradual progressive deterioration in the number of functioning renal tissues. Pathophysiology There are predisposing factors (Age above 55 Family history of DM and Hypertension) and precipitating factors (Life style like smoking and alcoholism, certain diseases like hypertension and DM, recurrent infections). Mr Shaiju had the family history of DM and hypertension and also had both diseases and he was a chronic alcoholic. These factors caused thickening of small vessels and deposition of collagen in them resulting in decrease blood flow. This causes glomerulosclerosis and thereby reducing glomerular filtration rate (GFR).This result in gradual progression through 5 stages according to the Kidney Disease Outcome Initiative Classification. Stage I: GFR will be normal (>90ml/min/1.73meter square) Stage II: GFR will be mildly reduced (60-89ml/min/1.73meter square) Stage III: GFR is moderately reduced (30-59 ml/min/meter square) Stage IV: There occurs severe reduction in GFR(15-29ml/min/meter square) Stage V : There occurs failure of kidney ( Mr Shaiju was on 4th stage of CRF and had pruritis, anorexia, and decreased libido. Treatment The patient was having a history of chronic renal failure and hypertension so he was given antihypertensive (ACE inhibitors), loop diuretic, vitamin and mineral supplements and especially Vitamin D supplement. There was a high concern for the worsening of the disease because of the high course of antibiotics science kidney is the organ meant for excretion of waste products of drug metabolism ( ) . He was on protein restricted diet. The author as a nurse practitioner looked the patient holistically like physical, psychosocial and economic dynamics rather than particular disease. PHYSICAL DYNAMICS Alcoholism is associated with many medical problems which is harmful for the normal functioning of the body. It also is the causative factor of RTA as in the case of him ( in United Kingdom one in seven RTA is due to alcoholism) and problems with co-ordination ( Ritson Bruce 2000).There will be a great expectation of the patient for health care professionals to ask about the drinking habits of the patients (Kaariainen et al 2001).The hospital is the best site for prevention since the admitted patient in the hospitals demonstrate high willingness to change (Emmon et al 1992).The nurse practitioner used this opportunity to identify yhe dangerous alcohol consumption habit of the patient and given counselling as stated by Lock et al on 2002. The nurse practitioner identified the risk of developing contractors a major concern after the amputation (Christian Adrian 2006) and also the physical movement act as the stimuli in mechanical form for the skeleton in maintain normal homeostasis of bones (Lundon Katie 2000).The immobilization cause sudden loss of bone mass (Krolner et al 1983). So the patient was given range of motion exercises along with physiotherapists. The residual limb was covered with elastic bandage so that the residual limb attains proper shape and is devoid of swelling (Christian Adrian 2006). Mr Shaiju had muscle pain skin pain and bone pain and he was given health education regarding that the former two will diminish quickly and the later will last longer as quoted by Erhl Jan in 2005. The patient was given special care for phantom limb sensation and given massage from mild to severe pattern and also towel used , both for desensitization so that the nerve reflex is reduced (Riley Lee Richard 2005).The pat ient was given health education that residual limb should be kept covered and elevated in order to enhance blood supply and wound healing. From physical examination nurse practitioner identified the crackles in the lungs and cough. The patient was given chest physiotherapy and steam inhalation so that the present condition was relieved. The stress of operation results in an increased circulatory adrenaline, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol and growth hormone which result in deficiency of insulin in body and also develop resistance to insulin (Heller 2002). The nurse practitioner identifies the tough job to find out hypoglycaemia in a sedated patient after surgery since the diabetic patient. The patient ¿Ã‚ ½s blood glucose was checked half hourly to relieve the risk of hypoglycaemia and its complication. The nurse practitioner identified the risk of decline in physique and functional capability in haemodialysis patient (Johansen L Kirsten 2003). Adequate attention was given for this aspect and patient was approached with that mind set and was referred to dietician for preventing malnutrition. PSYCHOSOCIAL DYNAMICS The nurse practitioner given information regarding the temporary problem with verbal, visual and spatial learning, which would be regained within few weeks if the chronic alcoholics abstains from alcohol (Ellenberg Leah 1980).The point about the alcohol hinders the performance of suitable form of behaviour and self interpretation regarding events happened in past (Hull G Jay 1981) was informed to patient. The patient was also informed regarding the loss of functioning in which alcoholics deter better processing of information and physical activity and also the increases chance of aggression after consumption of alcohol (Hull g Jay1986). ECONOMIC DYNAMICS The term diabetes mellitus denote a severe issue to health care because of the increasing cost and the hindering nature of disease on the individuals affected to live a better quality of life. The complications of DM can be prevented by proper primary care which reduce two third of the cost. Physical activity and weight regulation promote reduction in the expenditure for mortality and morbidity (G John 2009). REHABILITATION The nurse practitioner coordinated the rehabilitation team which consist of dietician, social workers, occupational therapist by proper referrals, informing the proper condition and improvement of patient and helping them in the rehabilitation process.

From Conservative Hong Kong to Liberal Arts :: College Admissions Essays

From Conservative Hong Kong to Liberal Arts    A defining moment in my life occurred about two years ago.   I left my high school in Hong Kong and came to the United States to finish my secondary education as an international student in New York. I left my parents, my home, my friends, and my language in order to experience a foreign culture and broaden the scope of my education and view of life.   Whenever I try to think or write about my life-my autobiography-I always settle upon the importance of this move, this shift from Eastern to Western perspective.    Anyone who has crossed the globe to visit or live in a foreign country has without a doubt had some amount of culture shock, and it is both jarring and exhilarating to find yourself changing in such a new environment. My new location has brought about an awareness that I don't think ever would have appeared if I had stayed put in Hong Kong.   Through the contrasts and differences I have observed and felt in my environmental switch, I have become very conscious of and interested in communication and language. Of course, I was interested in communication and language while still in Hong Kong, where I was president of my high school debate club, excelled in my study of Mandarin Chinese, and was the conductor of student singing at assemblies and a member of the competitive band (I think music is a form of communication too). However, it was not until I left my language behind that I became aware of the power and importance of this aspect of life. Upon my arrival in New York, I initially struggled with English, but after one short year, I progressed from the ESL level and joined regular English classes. I gained confidence in my English, especially in my written work. During this time, I also began studying Japanese. In a way, my study here has allowed me to see the huge importance of language in a person's cultural identity and in the strength of a society. By studying Japanese while at the same time progressing in English, I think this helped keep my Eastern perspective, my native Chinese i dentity, in my mind. It seems easy to get lost in the culture of the United States and also in the culture of New York, but my grip on language made it easier to avoid losing myself and my roots. From Conservative Hong Kong to Liberal Arts :: College Admissions Essays From Conservative Hong Kong to Liberal Arts    A defining moment in my life occurred about two years ago.   I left my high school in Hong Kong and came to the United States to finish my secondary education as an international student in New York. I left my parents, my home, my friends, and my language in order to experience a foreign culture and broaden the scope of my education and view of life.   Whenever I try to think or write about my life-my autobiography-I always settle upon the importance of this move, this shift from Eastern to Western perspective.    Anyone who has crossed the globe to visit or live in a foreign country has without a doubt had some amount of culture shock, and it is both jarring and exhilarating to find yourself changing in such a new environment. My new location has brought about an awareness that I don't think ever would have appeared if I had stayed put in Hong Kong.   Through the contrasts and differences I have observed and felt in my environmental switch, I have become very conscious of and interested in communication and language. Of course, I was interested in communication and language while still in Hong Kong, where I was president of my high school debate club, excelled in my study of Mandarin Chinese, and was the conductor of student singing at assemblies and a member of the competitive band (I think music is a form of communication too). However, it was not until I left my language behind that I became aware of the power and importance of this aspect of life. Upon my arrival in New York, I initially struggled with English, but after one short year, I progressed from the ESL level and joined regular English classes. I gained confidence in my English, especially in my written work. During this time, I also began studying Japanese. In a way, my study here has allowed me to see the huge importance of language in a person's cultural identity and in the strength of a society. By studying Japanese while at the same time progressing in English, I think this helped keep my Eastern perspective, my native Chinese i dentity, in my mind. It seems easy to get lost in the culture of the United States and also in the culture of New York, but my grip on language made it easier to avoid losing myself and my roots.

Comparing Christianity, Judaism, and Islam Essays -- Compare Contrast

Similarities and Differences between Christianity, Judaism and Islam There are many similarities and differences between Judaism, Christianity and Islam. There are also many differences that separate the three major religions of the world. This paper will delve into all three of them. The major similarities that all three religions share are that they are all monotheistic. This all means that they believe in one god and that he is the supreme ruler of all things. They also believe that all things are created equal under one god. They all have books of what they believe to be God's word. The Jews have their book known as the Torah. The Christian's have their book known as the Bible. Lastly the Islamic people have their book known as the Qu'ran. All three of these books have scriptures. These three major religions also share a belief that there is one major area that they claim as their Holy Land. The Jews and the Christians claim Jerusalem, Israel as there Holy Land while the Islamic people claim Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These places are where the people believe that ...

walden two Essay -- essays research papers

Walden Two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two, Skinner presents many positive changes to society in his utopia, such as: division of labor, encouragement of perusing your own interests in education, and absolute equality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Walden Two, a member is paid in credits that are required by the society. Each person earns a certain amount of credits per hour for every job they do. Everyone is expected to work to receive 4-6 credits for one day. The amount of credits-per-hour depends on the job. A more physically demanding or unpleasant job would receive more points then something less taxing. This is an effective way or contracting society because it has people work enough to get the necessary work done to drive the society without overworking and tapping out the worker. When Castle and Frazier discuss whether a community can survive on such little work, we understand that the people who are working are working with intent and without distractions and not under distracting supervision. It is also useful because it allows people to choose how to spend their time. If they would like to get their work down quickly by doing a more challenging job, that is their choice and they are not being m ade to do so. This also allows people to freely move around with jobs. They are not locked into one job for the rest of their life. If they do not like it, they can sign up for a new job tomorrow. This allows you to pursue your interests wit...

Arya Samaj

CHAPTER-III THE ARYA SAMAJ AS A MOVEMENT Every religious movement aims at not only initiating a spiritual awakening but also reforming the contemporary society by trying to remove ignorance,superstitions,doubts and dogmas from the minds of people,thus ushering in a new kind of religious renaissance. In this respect,the Arya Samaj,as a religious movement,did not fall far behind,as it made a dynamic impact upon the Indians,forming a interesting and conspicuous chapter in the modern Hindu thought.Through the preaching of Vedic ideals,it succeeded to a great extent,in reforming the then Indian society,inculcating in the people the moral values of life. In this chapter,we shall attempt to throw light on how the Arya Samaj as a movement was able to achieve its desired goalof revitalising the Indians from their stupor of lethargy and ignorance,initiating them to learn the invaluable greatness of the Vedic ideals and making them understand and accept these ideals as a way of life.To be preci se,the Arya Samaj tried its best to remove the social ills such as untouchability,cow-slaughter,forced widowhood,child-marriage and bringing above reforms through female educastion,permission for going abroad for higher learning,reconversion to Hinduism,and many other philanthropic work to inject a new life and vigour into the then morbid socio-religious enviromentof the Indian society. The major thrust of the movement was in the field of religion. The religious scene among the Hindus in the nineteenth century had become morbid.Many religious beliefs and practices prevailed among the Hindu society which were not an essential inseparable part of true Hinduism. The puranik Hinduism had practically usurpesd the rightful place of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Hinduism had evolved many sects like Saivism,Vaisnavism,Saktism,Tantrism,the Swaminarayan and others. Religion degenerated intothe performance of religious worship of idol and rigid rituals and its spiritualism began to be clouded and confused.Religion began to be equated with temple going ,the observance of shradha ceremony,pilgrimage to the holy places,observance of vratas and fasts in the expectation of fantastic earthly rewards,and beliefs in astrology. They did not know much about their holy books. They believed that anything written in Sanskrit was sacred. They often read books in Sanskrit which were not really good,only a few of them read Gita which was supposed to be composed by Lord Krishna:some read the Ramayana and the Mahabharata,the two great epics of India;but very few of them knew anything about the four Vedas,the sacred books of Hindus.As a matter of fact the so called religious leaders of Hinduism,the members of the preistly class,upported by the pandits of Banaras,were interested in keeping the established order of things unchanged,as it brought them pecuinary gains and rewards in the form of charity and religious fees. Apart from the internal disease in the form of priestly domination,there were Christian missionaries,who with the tactit backing of European officials,were reaping a rich harvest by the religious conversions of the lower classes of Hindus.In the religious sphere,the Arya Samaj has vigorously campainged for the freedom of thought. Earlier all the words uttered by a Holy person were regarded as authoritative. None dared to criticise the interpolated Sanskrit verses and non-Vedic teachings of the orthodox schools. It was the Arya Samaj that revolutionised the religious thought and ideas of the people. The Arya Samaj taught the people to think rationally. They were asked to determine the value of a percept in terms of the degree of truth it contained. They were urged to use their intellect and to reason out things for themselves before accepting them.The scientific truths and the laws that govern nature were given their rightful place in religion. Dayananda wasd inspired by his Vedic knowledge and his deeo study of the Shastras to reform Hinduism and make i t free all vices. He was of the opinion that in order to appreciate religious truth in its proper perspective,one should absolutely be free from prejudices and superstitions. He was of the view that human beings had the capacity to follow the path of truth which was the essence of religion, but were prevented from so doing by selfishness,ego,greed and avarice.The Arya Samaj is not a new religion. It preaches the doctrines of the Vedas revealed to mankind by God in the beginning of the universe. It attemps at rehabilitating and reviving the Vedic truths which mankind had forgotten through ignorance and the advent of puranic literature, which blurred our vision and sent the vedic culture into the background. The Arya Samaj has dug out the Vedas down from the debris of the puranas,and installed them on the high pedestal of morality and infallibility they deserve. The Arta Samaj teaches the unity and oneness of God,the brotherhood pf God:the conception f the God head-given in the vedas is the loftiest. It is this conception which the Arya Samaj has put forth before the world. It does not believe in idol worship,reincarnation of God,shradhas,satisfaction of the departed souls by offerings in their name. It believes in the transmigration of the souls and the beginningless and endlessness of God,soul and matter. It believes in the return of the soulin the form of Mukti,a state of beautitude and immense happiness for a long period. There is no place in the Arya Samaj for the hereditary priest or for an ecclesiastical authority over the people.It does not accept the innumerable rituals and ceremonies which choke the spirit and mock the religion. They interpreted the Vedas to justify the puranic mythology and thus they tried to give the present degenerate popular Hindu religion a Vedic sanction. Dayananda tried to interpret the Vedas on the basis of original texts without being influenced by the works of the commentators of the later age. In the book Satyarth Prakash Sw ami Dayananda tries to establish the thesis that the Vedic religion was absolutely monotheistic in nature.In the Vedas there are hymns which assert the unity of God. In the words of Benjamin Walker,â€Å"Whereas Rammohan Roy had been attracted by the Upanishads and Vivekananda by the Vedanta,Dayananda went straight to the source of both these systems,the Vedas. He regarded the Vedas as the eternal,inaffiable,perfect and complete revelation of God,given to the world one hundred billion years ago. †Rishi Aurobindo accepts that,â€Å"There is then nothing fantastic in Dayananda’s idea that Veda contains truth of science as well as truth of religion. †Lastly Rishi Aurobindo says:Dayananda will be honored as the first who discovered the right clues,amidst the chaos and obscurity of ignorance and age-long misunderstanding. His was the eye of direct vision that pierced to the truth and fastened on that which was essential. He found the keys of the doors that time had c losed and rent asunder the seals of the imprisoned fountains. His lion like roaring voice ‘Back to Vedas’ appealed highly to the contemporary Indian sensitibility groping since long In the dark. It was the origin of this Arya Dharma advancing with the motto:- We are Aryans’and our religion is ‘Veda’ ‘Om’ is our God and Truth the duty. We would establish the Arya Samaja’s’ i. e the societies of the noble men,throughout The world and teach all and sundry to practice all the true principles of course,having practiced them first ourselves. The Arya Samaj is nort a religious sect as it does not believe in the human representation of God in the form of prophet,mediator or savior or Avatar(incarnation). Every man is directly connected with the supreme being and the worship of God means the holding of direct spiritual communion with Him.Thus the Arya Samaj is deadly against all kinds of fetish-worship,idolatory,image-worship,tree-w orship,river-worship,mountain-worship,star-worship,cow-worship,bird-worship or even man-worship. The worshiper’s heart is the real temple of God,and meditation on the attributes of God is the true worship. Swami Dayananda has prescribed a simple mode of worship called prarthana or prayer consisting of eight Veda mantras and sandhya or worship which consists o the recitation of some Vedic mantras which speak of the attributes of God and seeking His blessings of one’s efforts. It included yogic pranayam,that is the breath exercise.All this does not take more than 15 to 20 mins a day. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century,the Arya Samaj movement was perhaps the most powerful of socio-revival movements,which gave a new,more dynamic and concrete dimension to the social and religious regeneration movement in the country. The Arya Samaj has had a greater dynamic impact on Indians over several generations than any other religious or social reform movement has in modern times. It is the most conspicuous movement of the tim,es and one of the most important and interesting chapters of modern Hindu thought.Not only did it want to bring about spiritual regeneration of India by purifying Hindu religion and Indian society,but also it tried to reestablish the pristine glory of Vedas and the Vedic religion. It was a crusade against socio-religious superstitions and prejudices like idolatory,child-marriage,rituals,etc,it upheld supremacy and the infallibility of the Vedas and the vedic knowledge. It was a part of the nineteenth century renaissance movement,that believed in Hindu revivalism and back to the Vedas was its call to the people. A number of social thoughts and practices were operating as erious obstacles to the growth and development of the nation’s economy and traditions;to the state of ridicule and scorn of the western educated men and women. Some of these social evils were :untouchability,child-marriage,enforced widowhood,the denial of equality to women in religions and education,the ban on crossing the seas,the forced extravagance on marriage and death events,the compulsory use of fireworks in the public,the dowry system,the barter system in girls marraige and several other social ills,the Hindu society of the period suffered.These evil customs were regarded as ordained by God and,therefore,they were as inseparable essential part of Hinduism. The Arya Samaj struggled hard to cure the society of this malady and make it socially healthy and culturally strong. Its contribution in the social fiels was so singular and distinct that even if it had done nothing else,it would still have a place of pioneer in the social reformation movement of this period. It aimed at establishing a universal religion and purifying the Indian society of its evils.Lala Lajpat Rai says:The social ideals of the Arya Samaj are the ideals of the ancient Rishis of India. They were based on :- (1) The father of God and the brotherhood of men. (2 ) The equality of sexes. (3) Absolute justice and fair play between men and men and nations and nations. Equal oppurtunities to all according to their nature,karma and merit. (4) Love and charity towards all. The stigma that had darkened the name of the Hindu was the practice of untouchability,which was an off-shoot of the pernicious caste system. Dayananda had farsighted vision to see that the caste is the greater curse on India.Based on a wrong interpretation of the well known purushsa-sukta,it had been working for the disruption of the Hindu society. Dayanada first thought to exorcise the obnoxious spell of untouchability. He vehemently opposed the practice of untouchability and worked for the upliftment of the oppressed and the so-called low castes of the society. Dayananda quoted the Vedas to prove that the varna of a person was determined by his character,good deeds and his sanskar. Truthfulness,self-sacrifice,knowledge of God and the Vedas can enable a sudra to enter into a h igher varna.Similarly,due to bad conduct,evil deeds,selfishness,a person belonging to the higher varna,may be degraded to a lower one in the social hierarchy. A person may be born of Brahmin parents,but he may become a sudra if he acts like one. Swami Dayananda preached the equality of mankind. He did not believe in any kind of distinctions between high and the low,the high-caste and the low-caste. He taught the people to love one another and root out all thoughts of hate from the heart. Love was highest religion. One could win over enemies by Love.Nut Love should not be confined to Human beings;even animals should be loved. It was cruel to inflict any kind of pain to them. The temples of the Arya Samaj are ever open to all the depressed classes. Many missionaries sacrificed their lives to secure equal social and religious status for the so called untouchables. They were not only declared for the first time eligible to study Sanskrit and the Vedas,but many of them became the preache rs and teachers of Vedas in the Aryan Samaj. In many Arya Samaj temples there were preists who were born in the tso called untouchables castes.They now performed sacramental rituals such as marriage,sacred thread ceremonial havans and other rituals,which were formerly performed exclusively by Brahamans. The Arya Samaj took up the cudgels for the people of the Hindu society,who were the victims of the then prevailing social ills as of child marriage and old marriage resulting in increased number of young widows,women who were ignorant of the world around them and they had turned widows at a tender age. The young widow’s life was intolerable in the Hindu society.She was held responsible for all the misfortune of the family and was treated worse than a servant. Generally she was not allowed to marry again,and sometimes she was forced to burn herself to death with her husband. Swami Dayananda began his tirade in favour of wodow-remarraige and favoured the institution of Niyoga,as Niyoga was in vogue in ancient times. In 1856,Pt Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar’s praise-worthy advocacy was successful in getting the widow-remarriage Act passed. But it was rotting in the shelves of the lawyers as public prejudices were too strong to drive benefits from the law.The Arya Samaj took the masses and succeeded in popularizing widow-remarraige. In bringing out reforms to the life to these young widows Sir Gangaram Trust has done a notable work. The trust has opened many Vidhwa-Ashrams in the northeren parts of India. Thousands of widows for whom life was truly a living hell were leading a pourposeful and meaningful lives under the roofs of these Ashrams. Today,of course,marriage of the widows has become an acceptable fact in the Hindu society. Another evil was the child marriage and the Arya Samaj did not leg behindin its attempts to remove this social evil.Child-marriage was introduced into the Hindu society when the hordes of invaders began to pour into India at abo ut the beginning of the Christian era,and the honour and chastity of women became unsafe. The Arya Samaj carried on a velement crusade against this institution,and may be congratulated on the success it has met with in rallying public opinion in favour of its view. As regards the age of marriage,Swami Dayananda says in the 4th chapter of the Satya Prakashâ€Å"the best time of for the marriage of girls is from sixteen to twenty-four years of age.The lo0west age for a girls for marriage is sixteen and for a man twenty-five. †He was aware of the evil if after impacts of child marriage,hence he suggested that there should be legislation to stop this evil practice. Social legislations sponsored by the Arya Samajists were passed as Acts in the central legislature. The Child Marriage Act known designed by prominent Arya Samajist were milestones on the road of the Indian Society. In the nineteenth century,among the orthodox Hindu,there was a strong prejudice against the education of girls.They thought they should not be sent to school,as they believed that if women learnt to read and write they would come to grief and as a result they were married illiterate. The old saying was accepted Stei-Shudras-Nadhiyetam which meant women and low castes should never be taught. The custom of child marriage erected further barrier to the education of girls. Swami Dayananda pleaded for the equality of men and women and laid emphasis on the education for girls. He argued that an uneducated wife will be a liability to her husband and will also fail to discharge the real duties of a mother.He condemned the economic and social injustice to which women were subjected. 50 years ago,all female education was under the direct management of the Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj educational institutions were the first to open special and separate institutions for girls,where they were taught Sanskrit and Vedas,for which they were not eligible according to the orthodox Hindus. Besides learnin g Sankrit and Vedas,girls were declared entitled to wear the sacred thread like the boys. Noe female education has become so common that the people of his generation can’t imagine what formidable opposition Arya Samaj had to encounter even for such a simple thing ,as it now appears. Then also an unhealthy system was in full force which forbade the women to expose their face to the view of the males. as a result her face,was kept practically covered both indoors and outdoors during the day. Hence the Arya Samaj tried its best to remove the purdah system,following the line of the great ancient Indian tradition. In the nineteenth century,for some reason,the orthodox Hinduism had turned its head resolutely against the indulgence of foreign travel by its members.Crossing a sea outside the country was considered to be a veritable sin,the dire consequences for which was the out-casting of such culprits. This tended to cut off the contact of the Hindus with the outside world which ma de their thoughts and practices in various fielsd of life-culture,religion,social educational and politics narrow and stale. Dayananda’s repudiation of the Hindu taboo against foreign travel was also motivated with similar concern for the welfare of the and the prosperity of the country.Rejecting the popular Hindu belief that to go abroad is aginst Hindu religion,he said: This is all nonsense and propagated by ignorant and foolish people. Formerly people Aryavarta(India) used to go outside country for trade,state affairs and even as tourists,Now-a-days the fear of losing caste and religion is wrongly spread. Those who do not hesitate to visit different countries and Islands come in contact with different kinds of people and learn their customs and ways of living thus help the progress and better relations of their country.They develop fearlessness and bravery. They adopt whatever is good in other countries and shun what is not good and thus achieve prosperity. Another,bold st ep undertaken by the Arya Samaj was to initiate the process of reconversion to Hinduism despite the stiff resisitance of the orthodox religionists. Vedic religion is meant for all,it is universal in its teachings thus the Arya Samaj opens the door of the Vedic Dharma to all non-Hindus,to-what-so ever religion they may belong. For centuries the Hindus have been the victimsof religious fantacism and proselytization by Muslim and Christian preachers.In the Shuddhi Movement,Maharshi Dayananda introduced one revolutionary item in the programme of the Arya Samaj. He believed that ‘lost’Hindus,that is the Hindus converted to other religions,should be brought back within the process known as the Shuddhi Movement. With Vedic liberalism and rationalism,he believed that the door of Hinduism should not remain closed to those who once had left it for some reason or other. In the years before World War I Shuddhi campaign was conducted among various untouchable groups in the northwest :On June 23,1911 at Allahabad,the all India Shuddhi Sabha was founded by Ram Bhaj Dutta.The Arya Samaj had developed Shuddhi as a weapon of defence fom the conversion threaht posed by both Christianity and Islam. Keeping in line the sentiment of the Hindus,the Arya Samaj also took up the cause of the protection of the cows. ’Goraksha’ or protection of the cow was an integral part of Swami Dayananda’s teachings and work. He was the first great man who raised his voice against cow-slaughter. Wherever he went,he vigorously preached against it,not on religious grounds,but for purely utilitarian,humanitarian and economic considerations.It is because cow’s milk is so essential for the sustenance and the well-being for human life physically,intellectually,mentally and spiritually that he so strongly pleaded for cow protection and condemned their slaughter. He appealed to high British administrative officials wherever he met them,for instance,at Ajmer to Col. Bro oke,the Agent Governor for Rajputana,at Farukhabad to Mr. Muri Lt. Governor of the Northwest province to abolish the slaughter of cows explaining to them the material benefits the cow yields to mankind.Later,he wrote ‘Gokaunanudhi’,fully showing the harm that the slaughter of cows was doing,and recounting the benefits that man derived from the cows. He even preached a memorial to ne signed by two or three crores of people from all over the country including the Indian Princes,to be submitted to Queen Victoria and the British Parliament asking for the abolition of cow slaughter in India. Lakhs of signatures were obtained those of several ruling princes such as their Highness Moharana of udaipur,Maharaja of Jodhpur and Maharaja of Bundi.His premature death,however,put a stop to the movement. In India,the land of Gods,because of their innocence and implicit faith in the supernatural,the people were victims of a number of superstitions. People believed in planetary influenc e like astrolgy,omens,evil spirits and ghosts. They tried to satisfy the deities for the fullfilment of their desires and believed in miracles. The Arya Samaj is the institution which strove hard to fight against the superstitions in India and abroad. Superstitious beliefs are responsible for the degradation of a nation.Untill and unless these beliefs are not wiped out no nation can progress. Arya Samaj deserves credit for this revolutionary action. It will be curious to note that even the Bhagabat Purana deprecates superstitious beliefs and hypocrisy. The Arya Samaj was the first body to denounce these malpractrices. The Arya Samaj engages in philanthropic work on a large scale. Outside Christian circle it was the first purely Indian Association to organize orphanages and widow homes. The first Hindu orphanage was established in Ferozepur,on Punjab in the lifetime of the founder of the Samaj.It still retains its position as the premier Hindu orphanage in India,has splendid ans comm odius buildings,all erected by private charity,and maintains schools and workshops for the training of boys and girls,There are a number of other orphanages on similar lines in Northern India,controlled by the Arya Samaj;besides these,many Hindu institutions and orphanages apread over India bear the impress and influence of the Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj has also organised relief in the times of distress caused by natural calamities like famine,flood and earthquake. During the famine of 1897-98,1900,1902,1907-08.The Arya Samaj provided reliefs to the people affected by the calamities in effected areas in India. It was a very commendable service rendered by the Arya Samaj in organising reliefs operations for the famine stricken people. An important episode in the history of the Arya Samaj concerns its educational programme. In the 19th century India had come under the british rule and the conduct with the west began in a direct and more powerful and effective way. The social renaissa nce movement in the country opened up new vistas inder the impact of the spread of western education.There was introduction of English education in India. Indian youths lost their cultural moorings and national pride about glorious ancient cultural heritage. Though in body and colour of their skin,they remained Indians,yet in everything else;in dress,in mode of living,in opinion,in habits,in manners,in values,in attitude they became Englishmen,Disintegration set in,communalism went deep into the Indian mind and education didn’t help for the enlightenment,character,social change,national integration,but it became a tool for getting jobs as clerks in government offices or as subordinate

Baseball Versus Lacrosse

Baseball Versus Lacrosse Baseball is a sport that is known around the world. Lacrosse is not as popular, but it is still a fun game to play. Although baseball and lacrosse are very different they have some similarities. Baseball is a very fun game to play. While playing the sport the idea is to hit the ball and score a run the more runs you score the better. Baseball is a nine inning game, one inning is when a team hits and plays in the field. When playing baseball try to hit the baseball on offense and on defense try to catch the ball or tag the person out. I know this sounds hard but after a while it gets easier and more fun to play. Baseball and lacrosse have many similarities. Baseball and Lacrosse both involve catching and throwing. These two sports both use a round ball that is thrown to a teammate. These two sports are very fun to play. Lacrosse is a very fun game to play. When playing this sport the idea of this game is to try to score points by throwing the ball into the net. Lacrosse is a sixty minute game, two fifteen minute half’s. While playing this game use the stick and try to throw the ball to a teammate to score or shoot the ball into the net. This game is very dangerous but fun. Baseball and lacrosse have many similarities. Baseball and Lacrosse both involve catching and throwing. These two sports both use a round ball that is thrown to a teammate. These two sports are very fun to play. Baseball and lacrosse are very similar and different. They both involve catching and throwing, but they are played very different. I like baseball more than lacrosse because I have been playing baseball since I was a kid. These two sports are very similar and different